1 school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences 164 Meningitis caused by mumps virus in children admitted to Gorgan’s Taleghani hospital Moradi AV Azadfar S FatemehCheraghali Javid N Ghaemi A Tabarraei A 1 10 2011 5 2 1 7 21 04 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Mumps virus is one of the first known causative agents of meningitis in children. On-time diagnosis is the first step in treating meningitis. We aimed to evaluate Mumps virus meningitis in children in Gorgan, Iran Material and Methods: CSF and blood samples were taken from children with meningitis, Jun 2008 till Sep 2010. For 40 samples with negative bacterial culture, Extraction of viral RNA was carried out and Real-time PCR was performed for detection of Mumps virus. Demographic, clinical, biochemical and cytological data were collected. We run SPSS version 18 to analyze the data, using Chi Square (p<0.05). Results: three (7.5 %) samples have Mumps virus, two boys and one girl. All three positive cases have 0.5-1 degrees Celsius fever and vomiting but no bulging fontanel. They have not Kernig, Rodor, Brudzinski’s sign, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis and rash. ESR is higher than normal in all positive cases and CRP is positive in two cases. Protein of CSF in one case is higher than normal range. Conclusion: meningitis is an emergency condition therefore, molecular diagnostic techniques are recommended for early diagnosis and intervention. Key words: meningitis, mumps virus, cerebrospinal fluid, Real-Time PCR
165 Prevalence ofMultidrug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Mycobacteria growth indicator tube in Golestan province, North of Iran Livani S Mirinargesi M Nemati-Shoja E Rafiei S Taziki M Tabarraei A 1 10 2011 5 2 7 14 21 04 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Identification and monitoring of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (MDR) is highlighted by the high risk of their spreading in different areas. Prevalence of these strains was evaluated in Golestan province in northeast of Iran. Material and Methods: Drug susceptibility testing to Isoniazid and rifampin was carried out for 148 clinical samples that had grown in Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) system, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Becton-Dickinson, USA). The association of drug resistance frequency with demographic characteristics and growth time were investigated. The appropriate statistical tests, X2 and student T- test were performed for comparison of these variants. A p value>0.05 was considered significant in all cases. Results: The turnaround time required for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in MGIT system was between 2 to 55 days (mean 16.3±10.4 days). Of all samples studied, 17.6% and 3.4% were resistant to Isoniazid and rifampin, respectively, and 3.4% (5 samples) were MDR (CI 95% 1-6%). The turnaround time required for determining MDR cases was 9.6 days. No statistically significant association was found between the resistance to the drugs and none of the factors including sex, age, type of clinical sample, and positivity of the smear. Conclusion: The prevalence of MDR in the studied region was determined to be 3.4% which is similar to the country-wide evaluations. The turnaround time for Mycobacterium growth and anti drug susceptibility result can be shortened by MGIT method. Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube, Multidrug Resistant 166 The prevalence of emm types and Resistance to Erythromycin Pattern among group A Streptococci isolated from the throat in north of Iran Jafarpur M Nazemi A Mirzaee A Rahbar Farzamee hagh S 1 10 2011 5 2 15 19 23 04 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) strains have been identified by serologic methods based on surface protein antigens, T and M. Accordingly, different serotypes have been reported worldwide. Recently, the previous out of date procedures have been replaced by N-terminal emm gene sequence, which has been used in identifying more than 150 emm types. We aimed to determine the prevalence of emm types and phenotypes resistance to erythromycin among streptococci isolated from the throat in north of Iran. Material and Methods: 50 GAS isolates from sore throat of patients referred to a few local hospitals in Tonekabon, Ramsar, and Chalus in northwest of Iran (2010-2011), by using blood agar, bacitracin sensitivity test, PYR test and agglutination by specific antiserum. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined by the discs branded by Iranian Padtan Teb Company, using Kirby Bauer Test, and analyzed by CLSI standards. The mechanism of resistance to erythromycin was evaluated by Double Disk Diffusion Test in the presence of erythromycin and clindamycin. emm gene of all isolates were reproduced and their PCR products sequenced by the Korean Macrogen company. To determine the emm types, using BLAST2.0 program (National Center for Biotechnology Information, available in WWW.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / BLAST), and the emm gene sequences were compared with sequences in the gene bank. Results: we identified Four different types of emm, including e mm5 (26 52 %), emm12 (12 24%), emm79 (6 % 12) and emm86 (6 % 12). All beta lactam antibiotics have inhibitory effect on isolates, while18% of isolates (9 of 50) are resistant to erythromycin. The most common resistance phenotype is cMLSB (% 66.6) and the next one is phenotype M (% 33.3), but phenotype iMLSB is not observed in none of the isolates. Twelve percent (6cases) of isolates are resistant to clindamycin. Conclusion: The results of present study show different types of GAS than those reported worldwide. The emergences of emm86 in pharyngitis and erythromycin resistance are the two valuable findings of this research. Keywords:Streotococcus pyogenes,erythromycin,cMLSB,iMLSB 167 The comparison of PCR technique and API-20E kit with the conventional biomedical methods for the identification of Salmonella species in laboratory Soltan Dallal. M.M Rahimi Forushani, A. Sadigh Maroufi, S Sharifi Yazdi, K 1 10 2011 5 2 20 27 28 04 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Bachground and objectives: Salmonella is one of the most important agents of gastrointestinal infection and diarrhea in our country. Misdiagnosis of these bacteria leads to cure failure. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between PCR and the API-20E and conventional biochemical tests carried out for the identification of Salmonella. Material and Methods: In this study 470 specimens taken from children, with acute gastroenteritis, referred to teaching hospitals called Imam, Shariati and children medical centre. The specimens were transferred to microbiology laboratory in public health school for identification of Salmonella with PCR and API-20E methods. Results: Of 470 specimens, 65(13.8%) are positive for salmonella in hospital laboratory, while 37 (7.9%) for API-20E and 39 (8.3%) for PCR are positive. The results of antibiotic sensitivity tests on 39 salmonella isolated from diarrhea specimens show that 73.3% of them are resistance to at least one of the sixteen antibiotics tested. Conclusion: Based on the the results, there is significant difference (P<0.05) between conventional method, API-20E and PCR Key words: Salmonella, conventional identification, molecular identification 168 EvaluationEvaluation of antifungal activity of essential oil of Carvacrol on standard Fluconazole sensitive and resistance strains of Candida albicans Hoseini, S. S. (MSc) Rudbar mohammadi, SH. (PhD) Joshaghani, H. R. (PhD) 1 10 2011 5 2 28 33 29 04 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Candida albicans is a human opportunistic fungus causing mucosal and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. There is evidence of increasing resistance to antifungal agents, thus it is necessary to search about new formulations for finding the antifungal agents. Some plants have antimicrobial properties due to presence of components such as polyphenols. We aimed at evaluating antifungal effects of Carvacrol essence, which is the main compound of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, on standard Fluconazole sensitive and resistance strains of Candida albicans. Material and Methods: This study evaluated the antiCandida activity of essential oil Carvacrol by means of Inhibitory zone diameter and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), using Microdilution broth and Disc diffusion methods. To do this, Serial dilutions (10-100 µl) of essential oils were made in 96 well microtiter plates. The wells’ opacity was assessed by using a microtiter plate reader of solution. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of essential oil Carvacrol and Fluconazole were measured by counting the number of colony in Dextro agar medium. Results: the minimum inhibitory concentration of Carvacrol essence in standard strains and Fluconazole-resistance Candida albicans are, respectively, 5.3 and 6.18µg/ml, and the Minimal Fungicide Concentration (MFC) are 10.61 and 12. 3µg/ml. Inhibitory zone diameters are 45 and 35 millimeter for Fluconazole sensitive and resistance Candida albicans, respectively. Conclusion: the results show that essence of Carvacrol has suitable antifungal effects against standard strains and Fluconazole sensitive and resistance of Candida albicans. These herbal essences, after supplementary studies, possibly can be used for infections caused by Candidas. Key words: Antifungal activity Carvacrol Candida albicans Fluconazole 169 The Frequency of Bacterial Agents in the Bile Juice of Patients with Bile Stones and Biliary Disorders Tajeddin, E. (MSc) Jahani Sherafat, S. (MSc) Seyyed Majidi, M. R. (MD) Alebouyeh, M. (PhD) Nazemalhosseini mojarad, E. (MSc) Pourhossengholi, A. (PhD) Mohammad Alizadeh A H (MD) Zali, MR (MD) 1 10 2011 5 2 34 43 02 05 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Bile in healthy people is a sterile fluid and presence of any microorganism can be a marker for a disorder like cholelithiasis. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial agents in the bile of patients with bilestone, malignant pancreatic and biliary diseases. Material and Methods: One hundred and two bile samples were obtained, during six months in 2011, from patients subjected to ERCP in Taleghani hospital, Tehran. First, Patient's clinical data, the type stone, and their disease status were studied, and then the microbiological investigations, such as culture, identification of the bacteria and detection of their counts, drug susceptibility testing and molecular tests (16s rDNA PCR) performed on all the samples. Higher than 103 bacteria counts for each sample, in the absence of underlying infections, was considered as stable colonization. We run SPSS version 13 to analyze the data. Results: Out of 42(41.1%) positive bile culture samples, 59 bacterial isolates are detected by conventional methods. Of culture negative samples, seven have bacterial DNA indicated by PCR method. The most isolated bacteria are E. coli (%34.4), Enterococcus spp. (%19.7), Klebsiella pneumoniae (%18) and Pseudomonas aeruginos (18%). The most frequent stones are cholesterol, black pigment and brown pigment, respectively. There is no significant association between the diseases, stones and types of bacteria. Previous antibiotic usage (44.6%) is meaningfully more than that of other biliary problems (p=0.01) Conclusion: The presence of bacteria, Escherchi coli and Entrococcus which are the most in bile samples, is considered as a risk factor in pathogenesis of biliary disorders. Further studies on the pathogenesis and pathophysiological effects of bacteria can help us to clarify the role of bacteria in producing bile stones. Key words: Bile stones, Bacteria, ERCP, Antibiotics. 171 The effect of silver nanoparticles on Gram-negative bacilli Resistant to Extended-Spectrum Β-Lactamase Enzymes Doudi M Naghsh N Heiedarpour A 1 10 2011 5 2 44 51 05 05 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract: Background and objectives: Antibiotic resistant to Antimicrobial agents is one of the most important concern in hospitals, which can lead to increased costs, treatment fails and mortality rates. The aim of this study was identification of Gram-negative bacilli resistant to extended-spectrum β-lactamase Enzymes (ESBLs) and determination of the effect of silver nanoparticles on them. Materials & Methods: of 276 clinical samples referred to three hospitals of Isfahan city, 186 gram negative bacilli were studied. To recognize ESBLs production, the bacilli was assessed by disk diffusion method and confirmed by DDT and Double Disk approximation Test. The ESBL producing bacteria were subjected to increasing concentrations (12.5, 25, 50,100,200,400 and 500 ppm) of silver nanoparticles, prepared in Tehran Nano Pars Company, and Inhibitory zone diameter was measured. Results: of 186 isolates, 140 (%75/3) are gram-negative bacilli producing ESBLs and 46 (24.7%) of them without this capability. Most of ESBLs bacteria are belonged to urine infections and the most prevalent bacterium is Klebsiella pneumonia. All samples are sensitive to the nano silver solution with density of 100 ppm. Enterobacter aerogenes (24 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23mm) have the greatest Inhibitory zone diameter in the presence of 500 ppm of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: It seems that silver nanoparticles have inhibitory effect on all studied gram negative bacilli. The inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles against ESBL producing Gram negative bacteria is dose depended Keywords: Gram-negative bacilli, ESBLs, silver nanoparticles. 174 Photocatalytic Removal of Escherichia Coli by ZnO Activated by Ultraviolet-C Light from Aqueous Solution Noroozi , R Mehdinezhad, MH zafarzadeh A 1 10 2011 5 2 52 61 13 05 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract: Background and objectives: There is a great interest in photocatalytic oxidation of contaminants, using ZnO, in recent years. The main objective of this research was to study photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli bacteria as water microbial pollution index, using nano particles of ZnO and a UV lamp in a batch reactor. Material and Methods: In this study, the contaminated water sample was prepared through adding 102 and 103 E. coli bacteria per ml of raw water. The contaminated water entered the photocatalytic oxidation reactor and removal efficiency of E. coli bacteria in different conditions were studied, including pH (5.5, 7, and 9), time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mins), dose of nano particles ZnO (0.2,0.4,0.8 and 1 gr/l), number of bacterium (102 and 103 per milliliter) and voltage of UV-C lamp, 27 volts. Characterizations of ZnO nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) system and X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Results: Photocatalytic process efficiency is enhanced by increasing reaction time and dose of nano particles ZnO in the presence of UV lamp irradiation. The results show that the best conditions for removal of 102 and 103 bacteria per milliliter are obtained from condition including pH of 7, reaction time of 30 mins, 0.8 gr/l doses of nano particles ZnO and 27-volt-UV lamp. Conclusion: The results indicate that the increase of reaction time and dose of nano particles ZnO, in the presence of radiation UV lamp, have the most significant effect on photocatalytic efficiency. Based on the results, photocatalytic can be promising method for removal of E. coli bacterium from drinking water. Keywords: Photocatalytic, E. coli, irradiation UV, ZnO nanoparticles, water treatment 175 Determination the number of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts in the combination of traditional yoghurts of villages of East-Azerbaijan- province Bonyadi, M Mojarrad Khangah, S. Qanbarov, Kh.Q Gojezadeh, M Dalili Oskuee, R 1 10 2011 5 2 62 65 14 05 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Yoghurt is a milky, fermented and semi-solid production that is produced by Microorganism starters. These microorganisms are known as lactic acid bacteria, which are responsible for the formation of the tissue, scent and flavor of yoghurt. Their presence in digestive system makes people healthy. The aim of this study was determination of the number of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts in the combination of traditional yoghurts of villages of East-Azerbaijan- province. Material and Methods:In this study, we gathered 90 samples of traditional yoghurt from the villages of East- Azerbaijan province and transferred, in a standard condition, to the laboratory of pharmaceutical-applied research center of Tabriz medical science university. We used 10-6dilution to measure the number of lactobacilli in MRS Agar medium and 10-3 dilution to count the Yeasts in Saborodextros Agar medium. Then, the grown colony has been enumerated and the kind of bacteria was specified via biochemistry tests. Results: The mean number of lactobacilli in 1 ml of traditional yoghurts is about 62 × 106 CFU/mL and the number of Yeasts 41×104 CFU/mL. Delbrueckii and plantarum are the most common Lactobacilli, and Saccharomyces is with the highest frequency. Conclusion: According to findings of this research, there is considerable amount of microorganisms such as useful bacteria, in the traditional yoghurts of villages of East- Azerbaijan province. They have been used as a starter and probiotic in Dairy and milk factories to produce good production in the future. Key words: Lactic acid bacteria, East-Azerbaijan, Yoghurt, Yeasts 176 Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in neonates referred to Semnan University of Medical Science´s screening Lab Nazari, H Habibeh Najar, H Emadi, A Abasi, Y Salehiyan, A Monem, M Ghods, F Mohammadi, A. Khaleghian, A 1 10 2011 5 2 66 70 14 05 2012 12 01 2014 Abstract Background and objectives: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. G6PD deficiency (an X-linked recessive hereditary disease) is an inherited condition affecting approximately 3% of the people globally. This deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice in neonates. The goal of this study is to detect the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in neonates referred to Semnan province screening lab Material and Methods: This cross sectional study, from 2007 to 2010, was conducted on the basis of country planned program and in line with neonatal screening tests. Blood samples were taken from the heels of 3-5 day neonates. Assessment of G6PD was done by rapid fluorescent spot test. The Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in boys and girls was compared by chi square (p<0.05(test. Results: Of 9353 newborns referred to semnan province screening Lab., 4820(51.53%) are males and 4533(48.47%) females. Three hundred (3.2%) of them suffer from G6PD deficiency. Of these, 263 (5.45%) are males and 37 (0.81%) females. The ratio of male to female is 7 to 1. Conclusion: The prevalence of G6PD deficiency is detected 3.2% in Semnan province and its frequency in boys is more than that of girls, which is expected. Key words: Glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Neonatal screening, Fauvism