@article{ author = {MPourhajibagher, and AKarami,}, title = {The Role of Microbiology Laboratories and Specialists in Passive Bio- Defense}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Biological weapons, like other weapons of mass destruction such as chemical, nuclear and radiological are very dangerous. In recent years, they are employed in biotterrorist attacks by many countries because of  some properties such as: the ability to make massive injury, having latent period, creating a prolonged illness, potential outbreaks and epidemics and more important because of having nonspecific symptoms and difficulty in diagnosing. Material and Methods: The objective of this study was to describe the role of microbiology laboratories and their experts in the interventions of bio-passive defense.  In this study, we use CDC, Medline, Google Scholar, Pubmed and World Health Organization (WHO). Result: Detection of biological agents is difficult and sometimes impossible due to features such as lack of odor, color and other physical characteristics. The most important measures for defense against biological agents are rapid detection and intervention. Thus, the laboratories should highly be equipped and the personnel be extremely sophisticated to deal with the crisis. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of highly advanced molecular procedures, Microbiology laboratories have to be updated to deal with the potential threats .in addition,   the Laboratories professionals must be trained for the latest guidelines and specific diagnostic techniques to work with biological agents. Keywords: Bioterrorism; Biological Warfare Agents; Biological Defense; Clinical Medical Laboratory}, Keywords = {Bioterrorism, Biological Warfare Agents, Biological Defense, Clinical Medical Laboratory}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-731-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-731-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Kargar,M, and Kargar,M, and ZareianJahromi,M,}, title = {Prevalence of Virulence Genes of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Shiraz, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most well-known pathogenic bacteria worldwide that can develop severe diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of virulence genes of E. coli O157:H7 in patients with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10,372 urine samples collected from patients with suspected UTI from six hospitals and clinical laboratories in Shiraz city. CT-SMAC medium, b-glucosidase activity test (MUG), specific antiserum, and the presence of O157 and H7 genes by PCR were used to confirm E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Then, stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA genes were evaluated using multiplex PCR. Results: In this study, 16 (7.8%) and 13 (6.3%) bacteria had O157 and H7 genes, respectively. Evaluation of virulence genes showed that genes eaeA (15.4%), stx1 and eaeA (15.4%), stx2 (7.7%), and stx2 and eaeA (7.7%) had the highest frequency in E. coli O157:H7. Conclusion: Due to the severity of pathogenicity, low infectious dose of E. coli O157: H7, and its pathogenic genes, more extensive studies and genotyping of E. coli O157: H7 are required to be conducted in other areas of Iran in order to measure the frequency in UTIs and control the infections caused by E. coli O157: H7. Keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7; Urinary Tract Infections; Shiga Toxin 1; Shiga Toxin 2.}, Keywords = {Escherichia coli O157:H7, Urinary Tract Infections, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 2.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-16}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-732-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-732-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Naghdi,N, and Ghane,M,}, title = {Antibiotic Susceptibility of Propionibacterium Acne Isolated from the Patients Afflicted by Acne in Tonekabon City, 2013- 2014}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Propionibacterium acne is one of the main causes of acne. Due to the spread of drug resistance, it  is not responsive to  treatment.  This study aimed to determine antibiotic sensitivity of strains of the Propionibacterium acne. Material and Methods: seventy samples of acne lesions were collected to study the presence of Propionibacterium acne. Microbial Culture technique was used to detect and identify Propionibacterium acne. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates to the antibiotics of Doxycyclin, Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole was studied by Antibiogram method. Results: Of 70 samples, 14 (20%) were positive for Propionibacterium acne.  The results of phenotypic test were confirmed using molecular method. Rate of resistance to   Azithromycin and Erythromycin (50%), Clindamycin (35.71%), Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (28.57%), Doxycycline and Tetracycline (14.29%) was determined. Conclusion: Outbreak of antibiotic resistance to Azithromycin, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin is high. Since the Propionibacterium acne is sensitive to Doxycycline and Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole, it is recommended using them to treat acne. Keywords: Antibiotic susceptibility, Propionibacterium Acne, Ance Protein.}, Keywords = {Antibiotic susceptibility, Propionibacterium Acne, Ance Protein.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {17-24}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-733-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-733-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {MVakili(PhD), and NJomehpour, and EZarifi, and MBaghbanian, and ADehghan, and MSahimi, and LGudarzi,}, title = {Comparison of Diagnostic Procedures for Platelet Products Contaminated with Strains of Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Klebsiella}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Given that microbial contamination is the third largest cause of mortality caused blood transfusion, the examination of contamination in platelet concentrates is essential in blood transfusion centers. The purpose of this study was to achieve a rapid test for bacterial contamination of platelets concentration. Material and Methods: This laboratory study was conducted on 14 bags of platelet concentrates prepared from Yazd Blood Transfusion Center. Six platelet bags were infected by Staphylococcus epidermidis; six by Klebsiella with a concentration of 150, 15 and 1.5, and two bags were considered as control. In specific intervals, the bags were sampled aseptically and examined by the methods including culture, gram stain, Glucose and PH measurement. Result: Due to the presence of dextrose, the initial glucose level of platelet bags was above 300 mg/dl. The mean of  Glucose in contaminated platelet bags was progressively  decreased in  3 days in that it reached  165 mg/dl in the third day ( p = 0.002) . The level of PH had a declining process in that it averagely decreased from PH 7.3 to PH 5.2 (P=0.017(. The results of culturing and smear of the bacteria were different according to the concentrations used in the study. Conclusion: We can detect the contamination of platelet bags by measuring the level of glucose and PH level in the least amount of time. Keywords: Blood Platelets; Klebsiella; Staphylococcus Epidermidis.}, Keywords = {Blood Platelets, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus Epidermidis.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {25-31}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-734-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-734-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {JVazirzadeh, and HGhajavand, and LHeidari, and PBehshood,}, title = {Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Acinetobacter Baumannii Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Isfahan City, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Acinetobacter species are opportunistic important pathogens responsible for many nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the drug resistan pattern Acinetobacter baumannii and prevalence of ESBL producing strains in Intensive Care Unit patients in Isfahan city hospitals. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples.  The Isolates were identified by standard methods and confirmed by PCR method. Drug resistance pattern of isolates was determined by standard disk diffusion method according to CLSI. To identify ESBL producing strains, a Combined Disk phenotypic method was used. Results: Hundred percent of Acinetobacter baumannii strains was MDR and the maximum antibiotics resistance was shown to cefepime, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and ceftazidime. According to initial screening, 4.5% of strains were producing Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase enzyme. Conclusion: The percent of ESBLs producing strains is low. Thus, Combined Disk for initial screening of ESBLs strains and multiplex PCR for rapid detection of ESBLs strains are recommended.   This issue can be a new step in preventing from the spread of Acinetobacter Baumannii Strains in hospitals particularly in intensive care unit. Keywords: Beta-Lactamases; Acinetobacter Baumannii; Drug Resistance}, Keywords = {Beta-Lactamases, Acinetobacter Baumannii, Drug Resistance .}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {32-39}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-735-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-735-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Izadpanah,MR, and Asadpour,L,}, title = {Molecular Identification and Antibacterial Drug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated in Rasht, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of infections in human .Most clinical isolates of S.aureus are resistant to a number of antibiotics. For appropriate antimicrobial therapy, this study was conducted to determine antibacterial drug resistance patterns of S.aureus isolates obtained from different clinical samples in Rasht. Material and Methods:  the clinical isolates of S.aureus were collected from different clinical laboratories in Rasht. Thirty coagulase positive S.aureus strains were identified using biochemical tests and amplification of 23SrRNA and coa genes by polymerase chain reaction.  Finally, the resistance pattern of the isolates to 16 selected antimicrobial agents was evaluated by disk diffusion method. Results:  the S.aureus isolates (75%) were resistant to methicillin and all of them were multidrug resistance. The isolates were high resistance to ampicillin (73%), amoxicillin (60%), cloxacillin (53%) and low resistance to vancomycin (7%) and gentamicin (10%). Conclusion: given the high prevalence of methicillin resistant, multi drug resistant and presence of vancomycin resistant S.aureus isolates in Rasht, continuously monitoring of drug resistance pattern of S.aureus isolates is recommended for having appropriate therapeutic regime. Keywords: Staphylococcus Aureus, Coagulase, Drug Resistance, PCR}, Keywords = {Staphylococcus Aureus, Coagulase, Drug Resistance, PCR}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {40-46}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Hashemi,M, and AminZare,M, and Naghibi,S, and Raeisi,M, and HasanzadAzar,H,}, title = {Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effect of Salvia Officinalis, Mentha Piperita and Mentha Longifolia}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal effect and antioxidant property of Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita and Mentha Longifolia. Material and Methods: At first, chemical analysis of essential oils was determined using GC/MS. Then the antibacterial and antifungal effect of tested essential oils on L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. typhimurium and E. coli and two fungal strains including A. niger and A. flavus were determined using disk diffusion agar and broth microdilution methods.  The antioxidant property of essential oils was evaluated using DPPH assay. Results: Linalool (14.38%), l. menthone (19.03%) and δ-terpinene (21.78%) were the major components of Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita and Mentha Longifolia, respectively. all tested essential oils had antibacterial effect on foodborne pathogens, which was comparable with tetracycline’s effect. In addition, all essences had appropriate antioxidant potential compared with BHT. Conclusion: based on the results, Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita and Mentha Longifolia can be introduced as appropriate natural preservatives. Keywords: Salvia officinalis; Mentha piperita; Mentha Longifolia, Antibacterial Agents.}, Keywords = {Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, Mentha Longifolia, Antibacterial Agents.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {47-55}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Manshouri,M, and Yazdanbakhsh,AR, and Bay,A, and Sadeghi,M, and Tazikeh,F, and Elyasi,SA, and Paydar,R,}, title = {Common Microbial Indicators in the Pools and Jacuzzis of Goleatan Province, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Swimming pools, which are recreational places, can cause transmission of bacterial diseases, fungal and parasitic infections due to direct contact with various groups of people. We aimed to determine and compare the common microbial indicators in the water of pools and Jacuzzis in Golestan province.  Material and Methods: the samples were obtained from eight indoor pool and Jacuzzi in Golestan province from July to December 2010, to evaluate the biological and physiochemical parameters. Results: The residual chlorine in the pool and Jacuzzis was 74.3 % and the 41.1 %, respectively, and the difference was significant; the pH level was 70.4 % and 78.1 %, respectively; the mean of turbidity was 17.8 %, and 9.8 % and the difference was not significant. The samples contaminated with total coliform in the pool and Jacuzzi, respectively, were 4.3 % and 15.2 % and with E. coli were 1.3 % and 11.2 %. Conclusions: The higher contamination of Jacuzzi is related to the higher temperature and turbidity of water, and more exposure of swimmer with water and less recirculation of Jacuzzi water. The high turbidity, lack of desired residual chlorine and choliform contamination are the main problems of swimming pools and Jacuzzi in Golestan province. Keywords: Biological indicators, Microbial, Pool, Golestan Province.}, Keywords = {Biological indicators, Microbial, Pool, Golestan Province.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {56-61}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {AzadiF, and HedayatMofidi,M, and AliArab,A, and HedayatMofidi,H, and Khorasaninjad,R, and Ghasemi-Kebria,F, and Roshandel,Gh,}, title = {Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Students of Golestan Universityof Medical Sciences, 2012}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Helicobacterpylori(HP) is the most common bacterial infection in the world and it may be associated with chronic gastritis, pepticulcer disease, and gastricadenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HP in student of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GOUMS). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on students ofGOUMS in 2012. Anti-HP IaG and IgA were assessed byELISA method. Results: The participants recruited  were 287 in that 101 (35.2%) were male and the rest female. Of 287 , 239 (83.3%) were positive for HP. The proportion of  men was 91.1% and women 79% (P =0.03). There was no significant relationship between HP infection and variables such as  age, blood group , place of residence, nativity, and level of education. Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in the students of  Golestan University of Medical Sciences is high. Keywords: Helicobacter Pylori, Antibodies, Students, Golestan}, Keywords = {Helicobacter Pylori, Antibodies, Students, Golestan.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {62-67}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {AlavyToussy,J, and Soltany,S, and Semnani,V,}, title = {Comparison of Common Paraclinical Tests\' Results in Semnan Province with the Global Reference Ranges: a Cross Sectional Study with High Sample Size}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Knowledge about normal range of tests is one of the most important parameters in correct interpretation of the results. Accordingly, we decided to determine normal range of common paraclinical tests in Semnan and compare them with global reference ranges. Material and Methods:  The data from Khatam-al-Anbia laboratory from year 2011 to 2013 evaluated and the results compared with global reference ranges. Results: Results and normal ranges of biochemistry, serology and hormonal tests were calculated. Normal range for Triglyceride was significantly higher than global reference range. Other tests' normal ranges were similar to global ranges. Conclusion: Given large sample size, the results can be used confidentially in Semnan province and as a prototype for IRAN too. Keywords: Clinical Laboratory Services; Diagnosis; Reference Values .}, Keywords = {Clinical Laboratory Services, Diagnosis, Reference Values .}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {68-76}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Badeleh,MT, and Mirzaian,M, and Babaei,M, and Badeleh,M, and DerakhshanPour,F, and Mohammadian,S, and Vakili,MA, and Charkazi,A,}, title = {Relationship between Zinc Serum Level and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDisorder}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective:  With regard to high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its being significantly affected by nutritional factors, we aimed  to determine the relationship between  zinc serum level and  ADHD. Material and Methods:  This ex-post- facto (causal comparative research) design study was conducted on 60 children, selected via convenience sampling. Thirty of them were ADHD children diagnosed by a psychiatrist using DSM IV checklist, as a case group, and the rest were healthy ones located in control group. Having their family informed consent, their Zinc level was measured via Colorimetric method. Results: The results show that Zinc serum level of ADHD children are lower than that of healthy ones.  Using t- test, it was indicated that the difference is not significant. Besides, the result of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is no significant relation between Zinc and ADHD. Conclusion: given that the zinc level was lower in ADHD children, the difference was not significant. Therefore, we recommend conducting further research with a larger sample size. Key words: Zinc; ADHD; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity.}, Keywords = {Zinc, ADHD, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {77-82}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Shakerian,A, and Sharafati-chaleshtori,R, and Karshenas,AA, and Rahimi,E,}, title = {Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium Parvum in Cow’s Raw Milk in Isfahan Province, 2013}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite causing diarrheal cryptosporidiosis. Numerous outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been reported worldwide.  The transmission via milk, water and raw animal products is one of the important ways. The aim of this study was the identification of hsp70 gene in Cryptosporidium parvum in raw cow’s milk samples. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 38 raw cow’s milk samples of bulk tank were randomly collected from traditional and semi industrial cattle farms in Isfahan.  To identify the protozoa in milk samples, the extracted DNA was evaluated by Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Based on Nested polymerase chain reaction, 2 samples (5.26%) were infected to Cryptosporidium parvum. Conclusions: The contamination of milk with Cryptosporidium Parvum is less than that of the other foodstuffs. Thus, it is necessary to reduce food contamination and to have appropriate health education programs. Keywords: Cryptosporidium Parvum, Milk; Polymerase Chain Reaction.}, Keywords = {Cryptosporidium Parvum, Milk, Polymerase Chain Reaction.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {83-88}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-746-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-746-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Koochaki,GhM, and Talebi,R, and Bazouri,M, and Javid,N,}, title = {A Comparison of Disinfecting Effect of Povidone Iodine and Septi Scrub on Normal Flora of Skin in Surgical Scrub}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Septi scrub is a new product based on chlorhexidine 4%, which  is produced for  surgical scrub in Iran. This study aimed to compare the disinfecting effect of Povidone Iodine and Septiscrub in surgical scrub. Material and Methods: this crossover experimental study, one-week interval, was conducted to compare Povidone Iodine and Septiscrub. Three samples for  microbial cultures were obtained  from each  participant before, shortly and 40 minutes after scrubbing. Results: The findings showed that the effect of Povidone iodine and Septiscrub solutions was significant on microbial growth of measure (P< 0.05). In both solutions, there was a significant difference in the rate of microbial growth between before  and  after scrub stages (P< 0.05). But between immediately after scrub and 40 minutes after  was not significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: given the equal effect of two solutions and lesser side effect of Septiscub , it is recommended that Septiscrub  be used instead of  Povidone iodine 7.5%. Keywords: Surgical Scrub; Povidone Iodine; Septi Scrub.}, Keywords = {Surgical Scrub, Povidone Iodine, Septi Scrub.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {89-96}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Royani,S, and Ravaghi,H, and Ahmadi,AR, and Vafaeian,Z.,}, title = {Effect of ISO 9001-2008 in Reducing the Number of Repeated Tests in Medical Diagnostic Laboratories}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: One of the organizations that have proceeded for very high standard quality management programs, ISO 9001-2008, is medical diagnostic laboratories. One of the important goals of most laboratories in the implementation of this standard is to reduce the current costs of repeated tests. Material and Methods: The number of repeated tests was evaluated in biochemistry section (Glucose, Urea, Creatinine, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, AST and ALT) and hormones (T3, T4, and TSH) in three stages (pre-standard implementation, three and nine months after performing program).  We analyze the data by Stat data software (version 8) using Pearson chi square test. Results: The percentages of repeated tests for glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT, T3, T4, TSH were 16.5, 2.57, 2.88, 12.7, 14.9, 10.38, 12.6, 3.55, 4.69, 1.85 for the first time  and 20.5, 5.56, 5.41, 7.25, 20.0, 27.2, 30.1, 0.3, 6.04, 3.08 for the second time and 8, 8.3, 9.2, 7.1, 12.8, 17.4, 19.5, 0.0, 5.81,1.01 for the third time, respectively. The changes in statistical analysis of urea, creatinine, cholesterol, AST, ALT, and TSH were significant. The percentage trend of repeated tests for urea and creatinine was increased while for TSH, it was decreased. Conclusion: Due to the nature of the experiments and the principles governing repeated tests, the acceptance and implementation of the ISO 9001-2008 only to reduce costs by reducing the percentage of repeated tests cannot be  justified. To implement this process, all aspects of the effectiveness should be considered together. Keywords: ISO 9001-2008, Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Effectiveness, Cost Reduction.}, Keywords = {ISO 9001-2008, Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Effectiveness, Cost Reduction.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {97-101}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Ketabi,S, and Ahmadi-Ahwaz,N, and Moazzam,E, and Mobasherizadeh,S, and Alizadeh,V,}, title = {Efficiency Evaluation of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories Using Data Envelopment Analysis in Isfahan, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Multi-criteria comparison between laboratories is important for laboratory management to improve performance and for policymakers to make strategic decisions. In this study, those aspects of performance are considered that are beyond the traditional evaluation carried out by checklist. Material and Methods: After the identifying the effective measures, a comprehensive performance evaluation model was presented and the performance of each laboratory was evaluated regarding the use of resources, including personnel, materials, equipment, space and facilities. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), using output -oriented model with constant returns to scale (CRS), was used to evaluate the efficiency of the labs. Results: the input variables were different kinds of the costs related to staff  , material , equipment , space and facilities ; physical standards associated with  personnel, equipment,  materials , space and facilities; process standards: safety , pre-test process , test process , quality control and after-test process  ; systems standards related to purchase and inventory, communications and information. Conclusion: The application of the proposed procedure for comparing the performance of 18 selected laboratories has shown that only 17% were efficient. The model is also used to determine the causes of inefficiency and to propose the policy for improving performance. Keywords: Efficiency; Diagnosis, Laboratory; Operations Research}, Keywords = {Efficiency, Diagnosis, Laboratory, Operations Research}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {102-109}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {KhandanDel,A, and Ghaemi,EA,}, title = {Frequency of Microorganisms Separated from ICU Patients in Panje Azar Hospital in Gorgan, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Bacterial infections are of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in ICU patients with underlying immunodeficiency. This study aimed to determine the frequency of microorganisms in patients admitted to the ICU of Panje Azar Hospital in Gorgan. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the patients admitted in three wards, each having at least 48, of ICU in Panje Azar Hospital in Gorgan. All microbial cultures requested by patients' physician were recorded. Results: In ICU positive cultures were 53.9%.  The number was 16 for Staphylococcus coagulase negative,  15 for  Enterococci  , 11 for Yeast, 11 for E.Coli, 9 for Enterobacter  , 8 for streptococcus, 5 for staphylococcus aureus. The highest  percentage was related to coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.5%) and the lowest to Alcaligenes, Diphtheroids, Acremo bacteria , Serratia with one positive case. Conclusions:  the incidence of bacterial contamination in ICU patients compared to other parts of country is not different significant.  While it is far from world standard, it is essential that many efforts be done to reduce the level of infection. Keywords: ICU; Microorganisms; Panje Azar Hospital.}, Keywords = {ICU, Microorganisms, Panje Azar Hospital.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {110-115}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Hosseini,MA, and Baniaghil,SS, and Mahmoodi,E, and BagheriSani,Y, and Dahbashi,GH,}, title = {Prevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV in Blood Donors of Golestan Province, Iran, 2012 - 2013}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: The donor selection and screening of blood donors for infectious factors  is the main  target of blood transfusion organization.  this study aimed at  determining the prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV in blood donors  of  Golestan province , from 2012 to 2013. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all files of blood donors with positive lab results in  Golestan Blood Transfusion Services. The  test results, demographic characteristics and the  Prevalence of  hepatitis B and C and HIV were determined . The results were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The blood donors were  47,830 and 45,811 in 2012  and 2013, respectively. The  Prevalence of HBV in 2012  was%0. 299 and in  2013 %0. 284; of HCV % 0. 06  in 2012  and   % 0.05 in 2013,  and the prevalence of  both HCV and HIV totally was  0. 001percent in  two years of study. The  highest rate of positive case was among the first time donors, married and  in  those with less than  high school education  (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the high rate of positive cases  among the first-time blood donors, married and less educated, it is recommended that public media be used  for giving information to control communicable infections. Keyword: HBV; HCV; HIV; Prevalence; Blood Donors .}, Keywords = {HBV, HCV, HIV, Prevalence, Blood Donors . }, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {116-121}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Haghshenas,MR, and Hosseini,E, and Babamahmoodi,F, and Nandoust-Kenari,Sh, and Tabrizi,A,}, title = {Prevalence of Influenza B Virus in Flu Patients Referring to Health Centers in Mazandaran Province, Iran, 2011- 2013}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by Influenza virus with three kinds of A, B and C . This virus  spreads througout  the world   and produce some epidemics with different intensities . This study aimed to determine the prevalence of influenza B in patients reffering to health centers. Material and Methods: this study was conducted on 878 samples in 2011-2013.  Using PureLinkTM Viral RNA/DNA Kit,  Influenza-RNA was extracted. Then Influenza B was distinguished by using  SuperScript III Platinum, Quantitive Real Time PCR System from InvitrogenTM , specific primers and probs. Results: the rate of Influenza B positive was %5.58 of the patients that %55.10 of them were female and %44.89 male. The highest rate was related to 31-40 and 51-60 year old patients. Conclusion: given the prevalence of  influenza B virus and lack of genetic changes , it is recommended that a proper vaccine for improving immunty and effective drugs for treatmet be used. Keywords: Influenza B Virus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Common Cold; RT-PCR}, Keywords = {Influenza B Virus, Respiratory Tract Infections, Common Cold, RT-PCR}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {122-127}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Shafiee,F, and Khosravi,AD, and Azarpira,S, and BabaieBarkalaie,A, and AbbasiMontazeri,E,}, title = {Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Strains}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common organism, which is separated from the burn infections.  Due to increased antibiotic resistance, there are many problems to deal with the infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to determine the resistance to antibiotics against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas using phenotype methods. Material and Methods: 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from the burn patients in Taleghani hospital in Ahwaz, Iran, during a six-month period. After phenotypically initial identification, antibiotic sensitivity of isolated strains  to conventional antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined using a disk diffusion technique,  and Phenotypic screening for MBLs production was  performed. Results: the maximum percentage was related to   wound infection and the frequencies of the resistance to  imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin, doripenem, ertapenem and colistin sulphate, were 70%, 53%, 83%, 67%, 91%, 88%, 84%, 84%, 33%, 90%, and 0%,  respectively. The use of CD Test methods was approved for determining resistance to Carbapenems. Conclusion: antibiotic resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing and colistin sulphate is the most effective antibiotic. Keywords: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa; Burn Infection; Antibiotic Resistance.}, Keywords = {Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Burn Infection, Antibiotic Resistance.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {128-134}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Kelishadi,M, and Kelishadi,M.(MD), and Moradi,A, and Bazouri,M, and Tabaraei,A,}, title = {Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus in Pterygium}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Ophthalmic pterygium is a potentially vision-threatening lesion of unknown etiology that often extends on the corneal surface and has a worldwide distribution. Despite various studies, the pathogenesis of pterygium remains unclear and the involvement of human papillomavirus is controversial. We aimed to investigate the involvement of papillomavirus in pterygium formation. Material and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 50 tissue specimens of pterygium from the patients who had pterygium surgery as the case group and 10 conjunctival biopsy specimens of individuals without pterygium including the patients with  cataract surgery, as controls. The evidence of papillomavirus infection was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: All samples, case and control, were not positive for papillomavirus. Both groups were positive for beta-globulin gene used to check the quality of extracted DNA. Conclusion: In this study, due to the absence of papillomavirus in the context of Pterygium it seems that other factors are involved in causing the disease. Keywords: Pterygium; Human Papilloma Virus; PCR.}, Keywords = {Pterygium, Human Papilloma Virus, PCR.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {135-140}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {YShamsizadeh, and FRoodbari, and NArbabSoleymani,}, title = {Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in the Cities of Neka and Shiraz, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus that can cause viral infections in human. This study aimed at detecting IgG antibodies against WNV in patients of two cities of Neka and Shiraz. Material and Methods: the participants were 46 possible WNV case from Neka (13 women and 10 men) and Shiraz (10 women and 13 men).  IgG assay was carried out using the Elisa method. Results: Immune Status Ratio (ISR) in Neka was negative for WNV IgG, but 12 from Shiraz, including 2 women and 10 men, were positive for WNV IgG that was changed from 3.12 to 38.6. Considering ISR, there was significant variation between Neka and Shiraz (p<0.05). In addition, results showed that there was significant variation in WNV infection rate between men (39.19%) and women (13.04%) from Neka and Shiraz cities (p<0.05). Conclusion: Because Shiraz has hot and semi-dry climate, whereas Neka temperate climate, the results were affected by climate variation.  Given the outdoor job of men compared to women, they are exposed to the bite of mosquito vectors that transmit WNV. Keywords: West Nile Virus; Elisa; IgG Antibody; Iran.}, Keywords = {West Nile Virus, Elisa, IgG Antibody, Iran. }, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {141-145}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-756-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-756-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Gholipoory,M, and Rezai,HR, and Namroodi,S, and ArabKhazaeli,F,}, title = {Prevalence of Leishmaniasis in Rodent\'s Fauna in Turkmen Sahra, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: Given the Leishmaniasis is endemic in Turkmen Sahra, we aimed to study the contamination of rodents with this disease. Material and Methods: Seventy-three rodents were collected from three regions (Gonbad, Gomishan and Bandar Turkmen) using live traps. In laboratory, morphometric characteristics were measured and for diagnosis of Leishmaniasis CL, the scratches obtained from their ears were examined by microscopic methods using Giemsa. Results: The most frequent rodents were Meriones libycu (10.95%), Rattus norvegicus (21.91%), and Mus musculus (67.12%). Eleven (15.06%) of them were infected by cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Conclusion: Because of infection rate, there is a high transmission risk of CL in the studied region. Keywords: Rodentia; Leishmaniasis; Turkmen Sahra; Meriones; Mus Musculus; Rattus Norvegicus}, Keywords = {Rodentia, Leishmaniasis, Turkmen Sahra, Meriones, Mus Musculus, Rattus Norvegicus.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {146-151}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {SoltanDallal, MM and Rajabi, Z}, title = {Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Agent in Hospitalized Neonates in Intensive Care Unit in Bahrami Hospital of Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Background and Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the most common pathogens in hospitalized neonates in Intensive Care Unit. Material and Methods: In this one-year descriptive study, 150 blood samples of neonates in Intensive Care Unit of Bahrami hospital of Tehran were divided into two groups of early onset sepsis (the first 72 hours of life) and   late onset sepsis (after the 72 hours of life). After isolating and identifying of bacteria, their antibiotics susceptibility was studied by Kirby- bauer method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. Result: The most isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (41.3%).  Coagulase negative staphylococcus was the cause of early onset septicemia and Klebsiella pneumoniae of both early and late onset septicemia. The highest susceptibility in gram-negative microorganisms was shown to Ciprofloxacin (89.6%) and in gram positive to Vancomycin (82.8%). Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria are the main cause of contamination in NICU and ciprofloxacin is the most effective antibiotic. Thus, it is imperative that NICU should be extremely controlled. Keywords: Septicemia; Antibiotic Susceptibility; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit}, Keywords = {Septicemia, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {152-157}, publisher = {school of paramedicine, golestan university of medical sciences}, url = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-743-en.html}, eprint = {http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-743-en.pdf}, journal = {Medical Laboratory Journal}, issn = {}, eissn = {2538-4449}, year = {2015} }