Abstract

       Background and Objective: Antibiotics are the chemical compounds, which are produced by microorganisms, belong to a larger group of antimicrobial compounds that are used for treatment of infections caused by microorganisms.

        Material and Methods:  the isolates of four plant species, Astragalus obtusifolius, Prosopis juliflora, Xanthium strumarium and Hippocrepis unisiliqousa were obtained using Trypticase Soy Agar. First, the purified isolates were screened from the viewpoint of their ability in producing antimicrobial metabolites against three typical microorganisms Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Then, the microbial products were extracted using organic solvent ethyl acetate and their minimum suppression concentration was determined against three strains Candida albicans ATCC 10231، Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 و Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.

         Results: After 4-7 days of incubation, 104 bacterial samples were isolated from isolates four plants. Out of this number, 26 isolates were antimicrobial producing metabolites by making inhibition zones against three typical microorganisms, after initial screening for production of antimicrobial compounds using agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extracts from target microbes were between 125-1000 µg/ml.

        Conclusion: The results showed that the bacterial extracts of phylosphere produce some compounds with antimicrobial properties.

        Keywords: Antibiotic Producing Bacteria, Fabaceae, Asteraceae

ABSTRACT

          Background and Objective: Adipose tissue secrets various hormones including adiponectin, which is closely related to weight control and energy, balance. This study investigated the effects of resistance training on adiponectin, testosterone and cortisol levels in untrained men.  

           Methods: Forty untrained men (mean age of 23.8±2.66 years, mean weight of 67.43 ± 4.96 kg) were randomly and equally assigned into groups of upper extremity resistance training, lower extremity resistance training, combined resistance training, and control. The subjects performed eight weeks of weight training, three sessions per week (five sets of 60-85% one repetition maximum). Blood sampling was done prior to the start of the program, after the fourth week, and after the eight week. Alpha level was set to 0.05 for all statically analyses.

         Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed that eight weeks of upper extremities training significantly decreased body fat percentage (p=0.002, 7.39%), and significantly increased adiponectin (p=0.000; 90.42%) and testosterone (p=0.002; 24.19%) levels. In the lower extremities training group, body fat percentage (p=0.006, 7.39%) decreased significantly, while adiponectin (p=0.012; 87.82%) and testosterone (p=0.000; 23.54%) levels increased significantly compared to the pretest. Eight weeks of combined training significantly increased BMI (p=0.006, 1.88%), muscle mass (p=0.007, 2.24%), and adiponectin (p=0.000, 91.56%) level. However, cortisol level decreased (p=0.017, 19.17%) after four weeks of training.  

         Conclusion: Upper and lower extremities resistance trainings significantly change testosterone levels. Different types of resistance training significantly increases serum adiponectin level and changes body composition, which are effective in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

         Keywords: Resistance Training, Adiponectin, Testosterone, Cortisol.