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Showing 212 results for Type of Article: Original article

, , , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Osteoporosis, a current silent epidemic, is of high importance due to its high prevalence and complications among women. It is a preventable disease whose high-risk population includes young girls. This study investigated the impacts of a health belief model-based education program about osteoporosis prevention on physical activity of junior high school students in in Kalaleh (Iran) during 2012.

Method: The present experimental study was conducted on 140 female students of the second-grade of junior high school in Kalaleh. The subjects were selected and allocated to the case and control groups (n = 70 each) using multistage random sampling. Data were collected through standard questionnaires on the application of health belief model in osteoporosis and physical activity. The collected data were analyzed with independent and paired t-tests in SPSS 16 version.

Results: There were no significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of household size and parents’ demographic characteristics. Before the intervention, the two groups had no significant differences in the mean scores of awareness and the health belief model constructs. However, the intervention could significantly increase the case group’s scores (P < 0.001). In addition, two months after the intervention, the mean scores of physical activity significantly increased in the case group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The health belief model-based education program was efficient in increasing the students’ awareness which in turn created a favorable attitude toward physical activity among the participants.


, , , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Emotional intelligence contributes to the success in leadership, especially among nursing managers. This study sought to determine the relationship between the components of emotional intelligence and transformational-transactional leadership style among the heads of nursing education departments of Iranian medical universities.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used convenience sampling to select the managers of 68 nursing education departments from the country’s universities of medical sciences. Data were collected using the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory and Bass’s Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and Student’s test in SPSS version 16.0.

Results: There was a direct, positive correlation between emotional intelligence and leadership style (P < 0.05 r = 0.36). The components of problem solving, happiness, independence, self-actualization, emotional self-awareness, interpersonal relationship, optimism, and accountability showed significant correlations with all leadership styles. However, impulse control was not significantly correlation with any of the leadership styles.

Conclusion: Considering the significant positive correlation between the components of emotional intelligence and leadership styles, training about emotional intelligence and its components and reinforcing the components of emotional intelligence can be beneficial to presenting leadership styles and thus more successful management.


, , , , , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Despite the long history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), there are still major concerns about poor CPR team performance in hospitals. While only 10-15 percent of those undergoing CPR leave the hospitals alive, the statistics vary in different countries. Since addressing the barriers to successful CPR may help prevent the potential risks to future patients, the present study aimed to identify such barriers from the perspective of nurses.

Methods: In a descriptive-analytic study in 2011, 200 nurses, including 68 men (34 percent) and 132 women (66 percent), employed at four teaching hospitals affiliated to Golestan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) were randomly selected. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics were applied for data analysis. All analyses were performed with SPSS version 16 .

Results: The majority of nurses (83 percent) had an experience of working with a CPR team. The participating nurses suggested absence of timely clinical CPR (98 percent), lack of regular standard in-service training (98 percent), lack of CPR equipment and supplies in the wards (92 percent), lack of efficient communication among team members (90 percent), and underlying diseases of the patients (88 percent) as the most important barriers to successful CPR.

Conclusion: Considering the poor performance of CPR teams in hospitals, management of this challenge requires more attention of planners and hospital authorities. Holding standard retraining programs to update the staff’s knowledge and improve their skills would be essential to forming a competent and cohesive CPR team.


, , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Performance assessment is a powerful management tool in the development of human resources. For their survival in a competitive environment, universities should enhance their management knowledge and performance. Thus, the present study evaluated the application of performance management in Golestan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) from the viewpoint of faculty members.

Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 2012. A total of 136 faculty members of Golestan University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected. Data were collected using a reliable questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76) developed by the researchers in Shiraz University (Iran). The questionnaires, comprising two dimensions of benefits and applicability of performance management in the university, were distributed among the participants and collected after completion. The obtained data were analyzed using inferential statistics.

Results: The studied faculty members reported the benefits of performance management and its dimensions, i.e. performance evaluation of faculty members and groups, support and improvement of performance of faculty members and groups, management of the groups, and comparison and ranking of the groups, to be at a desirable level. They considered “comparison and ranking of faculty members as acceptable. The applicability of performance management and its dimensions were also rated as acceptable. However, the benefit of performance management and its dimensions were rated significantly higher than the mean applicability and its dimensions in the university (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion: The participating faculty members suggested the applicability of performance management in the current conditions of the university. Meanwhile, the benefit of performance management was scored more favorably than its application.


, , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Triage is a function of the emergency ward carried out by nurses. Patients are required to be categorized according to their medical priorities. Since it is critical for nursing students to have sufficient information about the process of triage, the current study aimed to determine nursing students’ level of awareness of triage in the emergency ward.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study used census sampling to select 124 nursing students in the 7th and 8th semesters during 2011-12. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of three parts to assess demographic characteristics, awareness of triage, and decision-making in triage. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. All analyses were performed in SPSS version 15.0 at a significant level of 0.05.

Results: The students’ mean awareness score was 9.0 ± 2.7, i.e. they had low awareness of triage. While the participants had the highest awareness about level 1 triage (31.1 Percent), the x awareness of level 2 triage was the least (13.9 Percent). There was a significant difference in awareness between the students with and without an experience of working in an emergency ward (P< 0.05). The most important source of information was university courses. Lack of time and supervision were found responsible for the students’ low level of awareness.

Conclusion: The low awareness scores of the studied students about triage highlighted the need for more supervision during internship, emphasis on triage in university courses, and specialized triage training courses for the students.


, , , , , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody is produced against human IgG in various laboratory animals. The present study tried not only to produce anti-human IgG, but also to assess different antigen injection techniques leading to optimal production of anti-human globulin.

Methods: The antibody was separated from human serum using precipitation method with sodium sulfate. It was then purified through diethylaminoethyl Sepharose CL-6B  ion exchange chromatography. The purified IgG was mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant and injected to two trios of rabbits either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. After the first injection, the animals received weekly injections of antigen with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. The dose of antigen in each injection was 1.2 ml of purified IgG with a concentration of 115 µg/ml. Venous blood samples were taken from all rabbits and the produced anti-human globulin was evaluated by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID).

Results: According to the results of SRID, the diameter of the halo created by the antigen-antibody complex was significantly higher in the plate containing anti-human IgG produced after the intramuscular injections than after subcutaneous injections. The concentrations of anti IgG antibody were 83.40 and 72.28 µg/ml in intramuscular and subcutaneous methods, respectively.

Conclusion: Our findings suggested that compared to subcutaneous injections, intramuscular injections of human IgG are significantly more effective in inducing the production of anti-human IgG antibody.


Pasdar, , , , , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: High consumption of trans fatty acids is associated with increased risks cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, lipid disorders, diabetes, and possibly cancer. Therefore, most developed countries produce food products with trans fatty acid content of 0%-2% to support the consumers. This study sought to determine the amount of fatty acids in meat products and kebabs served in restaurants of Kermanshah, Iran.

Methods: In order to determine the percentage of fatty acids, 69 samples were randomly taken from 14 kinds of meat products and kebabs served in restaurants of Kermanshah. To extract the 14 types of fatty acids, Folch and methylation methods were applied based on the guidelines of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS). A gas chromatograph equipped with an ion-flame sensor and a 100 m capillary column was used to measure trans fatty acids.

Results: While the highest level of trans fatty acids was found in loghmeh-kebab (2.3%), the lowest level was detected in breaded shrimp (0.1%) and chicken schnitzel (0.13%). Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most common saturated fatty acid in restaurant kebabs and had the highest amount in loghmeh-kebabs (in convenience foods). Unsaturated fatty acids had the lowest concentration in restaurant kebabs (39.8-49.44%). Their levels in convenience foods varied from 49.99% in loghmeh-kebab to 76.11% in sausages. Among all unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (C 18:1c) and linoleic acid (C 18:2c) had the highest concentrations in the studied samples.

Conclusion: Loghmeh-kebab had the highest tans and saturated fatty acid contents among all the evaluated meat products. It can thus be a threat to the consumers’ health. Careful monitoring of food products in terms of fatty acid types, use of food labeling, and education to change consumption pattern in the country are recommended for public health promotion.


, , , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives: Cryptorchidism or undescended testicle, with a prevalence of 33 percent in preterm and 3-5 percent in term infants, is the most common congenital abnormality in newborn boys. The present study aimed to assess the recovery rate and urinary tract infection among infants with cryptorchidism during the first 15 months of their life.

       

 Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 47 infants with cryptorchidism in Zahedan city (Iran) in 2012. The infants’ birth weight, preterm/term birth, delivery method, and affected testicle along with maternal age, history of urinary tract infection during pregnancy, and number of pregnancies were collected. Information about the infants’ urinary tract infection and recovery from cryptorchidism was collected through observations and trimonthly phone calls until the 15th month after birth. Percentage and mean were used for data analysis.

 Results: Of the 47 studied infants, 63.82 percent were premature, 59.57 percent had right-side cryptorchidism, and 80.60 percent developed urinary tract infection at least once. The highest incidence of urinary tract infection (29.8 percent) was seen at the age of three months old. The majority of infants (91.5 percent) recovered during the course of the study and the recovery rate at the fifth, 10th, and 15th months were 31.9 percent, 38.3 percent and 21.3 percent,respectively.

 Conclusion: This study revealed the high prevalence of urinary tract infection among infants with cryptorchidism. It also showed that most infants with cryptorchidism recover within 15 months of age.


, , ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Scleroderma is a connective tissue disorder identified with skin thickening and fibrosis together with inflammatory, vascular, and internal organ changes. The prevalence of this condition is three times higher in women than in men. Pregnancy was known to threaten maternal and fetal health in patients with scleroderma. Today, however, the patients have the chance of a successful pregnancy through careful and appropriate planning, monitoring, and treatment methods. Nevertheless, in order to prevent pregnancy complications in patients with scleroderma, pregnancy has to be planned during the stable phase of the disease and not during its rapid progression course. In this article we reported a pregnancy out come in a woman with scleroderma and polymyositis and explained its emergent procedures and treatment.


Fateme Ghaedi Heydari, Narges Toghian Chaharsoghi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Diabetes is one of the main reasons for pathogenicity, death and increase in the cost of health services all over the world, and in case it occurs simultaneously with depression, the extent and severity of the symptoms will increase, as depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in diabetic people which can result in more undesirable changes in the prognosis of the disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the simultaneous incidence of diabetes and depression and some related issues. This

The incidence of depression together with diabetes causes a decrease in metabolic control, medication adherence, decreased quality of life, failure to follow appropriate diets, increase in the costs of health care, incapability, death, and increase in the use of insulin and diabetic symptoms. These illnesses underlie numerous illnesses such as dementia disorders and affect the entire process of treatment.

Diabetes, like other medical disorders, has a considerable interaction with depression and regarding that the incidence of depression in diabetic people is high, it is necessary to screen depression and to provide remedies such as education in order to improve the coping ability in these patients.

study is a library research. To find related articles and studies, reliable websites were searched (magiran, sciencedirect, ovid, springer, proquest), and in general, among 82 articles 74 ones were studied.
Pegah Matourypour, Fateme Ghaedi Heydari, Imane Bagheri, Phd Robabe Mmarian,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Background and objective:

In the nursing profession, there are numerous factors which altogether cause occupational stress and as a result occupational exhaustion in nurses and decrease the quality of patient care. Regarding the importance of this issue which influences the health indices of the society, this study investigates the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the occupational stress of nurses.

Materials and Methods:

This semi-experimental and before-after study was conducted using progressive muscle relaxation intervention on 33 nurses in special treatment (ICU and CCU) and emergency units through simple sampling in Yazd in 2012. To assess occupational stress,Toft-Anderson questionnaire was used. The procedure of applying relaxation in a practical way was given to nurses in pamphlets and questionnaires were filled before and two weeks after the intervention. Analysis was done using SPSS.16 software and T-test.

Results:

The average total score of stress in nurses before and after the intervention was determined as – 28.12±43.74 and 52.12±04.72 respectively and this difference was not statistically significant (39.0>p). However, in the dimensions of nurses’ workload (/0>p 03 and t=2.27) and patients’ suffering and death, these scores were significantly different (0001.0>p and t=3.94).

Conclusion:

This study showed that applying progressive muscle relaxation technique as a method of emotion-focused coping cannot be effective in the reduction of occupational stress in nurses.
Monavar Moradian Sorkhkalaee, Hasan Eftekhar, Saharnaz Nejat, Narges Saeepour, Sima Esmaeel Shemirzadi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Background and objective:

Students are the most dynamic people in the society and their health is to a great extent a prerequisite for the health of most individuals in the society. This study was conducted to investigate the state of mental health and factors which influence it in the students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 400 students of Tehran Medical Sciences University in the academic year 2010-2011. The number of studied subjects was determined according to the student population of each faculty and questionnaires were randomly distributed among them. The data collection tool in this study was the standard GHQ28 questionnaire. After collecting the data, analysis was done using SPSS.18 software, Chi-square test, T-test, and Regression Logestic.

Results:

25.52% of the attendants were healthy and 75.47% had suspected mental disorders. Also, regarding depression, 75.53% of people suffered from mental disorders and 25.46% were healthy.

Conclusion:

According to the achieved results, it seems that studying at university, facing educational problems and the existing conditions at university cause an increase in the rate of mental disorder among the students of Medical Sciences University.
Leila M Juybari, Seyyedeh Fatemeh H Hosseini, Samieh Ghana, Samira Saeedi, Akram Sanagoo,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Background and objective:

Delirium is an acute and transient disorder in the function of the brain. Although the main core of this syndrome is consciousness disorder and deficiencies in attention and concentration, the general deficiency is seen in all psychological areas of thinking, temperament, cognition, language, speaking, sleeping, and mental-motional and other cognitive areas. Delirium is often seen in recovery room and is a predictor of post-operative delirium in the general ward. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of delirium in patients after surgery in the recovery room.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 patients after general and orthopedic surgery and in the recovery room of the educational-therapeutic center of Gorgan in 1389 using the DESC-Nu nursing delirium screening scale. Data was analyzed using chi-square descriptive and analytical statistics and T-test.

Results:

Among the 75 studied patients in the recovery room after orthopedic surgery and general surgery, 53.3% were women with a mean age of 48.7. The mean surgery duration was 129.21 minutes. 26.6% had been under spinal anesthesia and 73.3% had been under general anesthesia. Delirium was observed in 30.6% of all the patients. Delirium was observed in 21.3% of patients having orthopedic surgery and 9.3% of the patients having general surgery. Delirium had a significant statistical relation with the variables of age, gender, and type of surgery (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

This study showed that 30.6% of patients had delirium. Male and older patients having orthopedic surgery were more vulnerable. Therefore, usual assessment of delirium in recovery room to identify patients with delirium can be a guide of nurses’ appropriate care of patients after surgery.
Khalil Zalak, Behzad Kazemi Haki, Hossein Matlabi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Background and objective:

Little studies using a limited number of questionnaires cannot reflect the depth and complication of diabetic patients about self-care. However, using the qualitative research method, it is possible to find out the depth of patients’ experiences of this illness. The purpose of this study was to find individual and environmental obstacles which affect self-care on these patients and to investigate patients’ viewpoint of this disease.

Materials and Methods:

In this qualitative study, group interview and case interview have been used. This study was carried out in two phases and at the end of the interview patients were provided with necessary teaching about the principals of self-care.

Results:

In general, 5 categories of obstacles to self-care in type 2 diabetes were identified which include: physical obstacles, economical obstacles, social obstacles, educational obstacles, and psychic obstacles. Social, educational and psychic obstacles are in latter classes.

Conclusion:

The results of this study showed that a high percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes face serious obstacles in the way of self-care and the most numerous and important obstacles in their opinion are physical and economical obstacles. Considering that developing countries face a shortage of resources, dealing with physical obstacles can bring satisfaction to patients and on the other hand, dealing with these obstacles requires less cooperation from exterior organizations.
Zahra Amirkhani Dehkordi, Nooshin Naghsh, Heydar Aqbaba,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Background and objective:

The use of silver nanoparticles is one of the functional areas of nanotechnology. These nanoparticles have an antibacterial and antifungal quality. The active ions released form silver nanoparticles can produce free radicals and damage different types of cell. Considering the importance of hemoglobin, this study investigates Comparison of injective and contact effect of silver nanoparticles on the rate of hemoglobin changes in male rats.

Materials and Methods:

In this experimental study were 72 male adult Wistar rats with a mean weight of 225 to 250 grams. The animals were randomly divided into ten groups of eight rats. Nanoparticles were administered to treatment groups using the injective method through intraperitoneal (IP) and the skin contact method with concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm. In order to assimilate the shock resulted by injection and contact, physiologic serum of the same amount was injected to rats of control group or contacted to their skin. Then, blood was drawn from the internal corner of the rats’ eye using capillary tubes. The mean level of hemoglobin in the rats’ blood in the treatment and control group was compared 12 days after the treatment. To compare the means, ANOVA test was used.

Results:

The results showed the dependence of dose and the rate of hemoglobin changes in intraperitoneal injection and the lack of effect of silver nanoparticles on hemoglobin changes in skin contact.

Conclusion:

The effectof the injection of silver nanoparticles on the rate of hemoglobin has been dose-dependent. But the skin contact method has had no effects on the rate of hemoglobin. It seems that a low concentration of nanoparticles and a short period of time cause a lack of effect on the factor.
Soroosh Aminosharie Najafi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Knee dislocation mostly occurs due to sever trauma and it is one of orthopedic emergencies. Because of protective structures in and around of knee, this kind of dislocation is not common. Knee dislocation cause important vascular complication that could damage to the limb if it is missed. In this article we reported a posterior knee dislocation and explained its emergent procedures and treatment.


Maryam Parvini, Parivar Kazem, Mohammad Javan,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract

Pluripotent stem cells as the cells with a capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into various specific

cell types have been highly regarded in regenerative medicine studies. To repair the eye disease damages, the

differentiation into retinal pigment epithelial cells of pluripotent stem cells has gained great importance in

recent decades because the inappropriate function of these cells is the main cause of degenerative diseases such

as the age-related macular degeneration. Millions of people in the world suffer this disease.

To restore the damaged cells and, finally, to improve the vision, numerous studies have been conducted on using

pluripotent stem cells, their differentiation into retinal pigment epithelial cells, and finally, their application

in cell therapy. Based on this, many researchers have attempted to produce highly efficient retinal pigment

epithelial cells, such that they show a proper function after transplant, along with the host cells. In this review

article, the importance and the role of pigment epithelial cells, as well as, the studies on the in vitro production

of these cells were examined


Nasser Behnampour, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Shahriar Semnani, Farid Zayeri,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract

Background & objective:

One of the common purposes of medical research is Determination of effective factors on the occurrence of event. Due to the interaction of risk factors regression models, discriminant analysis and classification procedures used. Uses of these models require making the assumption which in the medical data isn’t usually established. Therefore, alternative methods must be used. According to diversification of risk factors for of esophageal cancer, the purpose of this article is the Introduction and application of classification and regression tree for determination of risk factor for esophageal cancer in Golestan province.

Methods:

Data of this article gathered from case-control study. Case group contain all confirmed cases of esophageal cancer that consist of 90 male and 60 female subjects in Golestan province during one year. Two control groups were considered for each case. Control groups were selected from family of patients and neighbors and matched for age, sex, ethnic and place of residence. Data was analyzed with classification and regression tree model and by using of R software. Gini criterion was used for selection of best splitting in each node and ROC surveyed accuracy of CRT model.

Results:

(ethnic factors) can be effective in esophageal cancer occurrences.

Results of Classification tree model showed that exposure to CT and X-ray dye (socio-environmental factors), unwashed hands after defecation, history of smoking (lifestyle factors) and family history of cancer

Conclusion:

models results` interpretation are two essential beneficiary of these models which can use in medical sciences.

Tree models don’t require the establishment of no default for making model and feasibility of tree
Maryam Chehrehgosha, Maryam Dastourpour, Akram Sanagu, Azam Mohamadi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract

Background and objectives:

Fatigue experience is a psychological experience therefore, the relevant caregivers’ acquaintance with this issue

is the most important step in offering optimal care for the patients. Accordingly, this study was conducted

to determine Cancer-related Fatigue and its Relationship with Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in

Cancer Patients.

A cancer diagnosis is a highly undesirable event for anyone.

Methods:

characteristics form and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. The data were analyzed with the SPSS-

18 software and t-test and ANOVA and tukey post hoc test were used.

In this analytical study, 150 cancer patients visiting the oncology unit, the Shafa Radiotherapy Center,and Gorgan’s 5th Azar Teaching Hospital in 2012, who were selected with a purposive sampling method,participated in the study for 4 months. The required information was collected using a demographic and clinical

Results:

of treatment, 51.3% used chemotherapy-surgery-radiotherapy regimen, 24.7% surgery-chemotherapy regimen,

14% used chemotherapy, 7.3% used radiotherapy, and 2.7% used surgery. The overall mean score

of fatigue was 54.65±8.78 from 100. The variables of residence (P=0. 018), the duration of marriage

(P=0.018), the treatment regimen type (P<0.001), and the family’s economic status (P<0.000) were found to

The patients’ mean age was 48.39±1.5 Of the patients, 55.3% had undergone less than 12 months

have a significant relationship with fatigue.

Conclusion:

Psychological interventions, besides physical caring and nursing interventions play a significant

role in the all-inclusive management of cancer patients’ problems, in particular, their fatigue.


Hamidreza Nikyar, Zohreh Reisi, Habibeh Farokhi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract

Aims:

The purpose of this study was evaluating the efficacy of cognitive be Behavioral group therapy on

depression and hipness brain Tumor .

Method:

ineachgroup . the experimental group received 4weekly cognitive behavioral therapy session the question nears

depression beak and hope eshaneder were usadas the pre test ,post test and follow-up. The follow-up study was

conducted two months .

options were selected and assigned to two experimental and control group with brain tumor patients

Results:

after the last in tevrnationsessiony the result of covariance analysis showed that the mean scores

of depression in post test was significantly lower than control group (P<0.001) and follow-up (P<0.001) the

e result also showed that the scores of hope higher than con tral group in past test (P<0.001) and follow-up

(P<0.001) it is concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy, could happy life brain tumor.

Conclusion:

pharmacological interventions should be used in patients with brain tumors.

The results suggest that Cognitive Behavior Treatment boat as a valuable addition to surgical and

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