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Background and Objective: Labor pain is a severe pain and the most well-known one. When the pain is not relieved, it leads to some adverse effects such as the increase of cardiac output, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption, and catecholamine levels. All of them can have a harmful effect on both mother and infant. Pain during labor is accompanied by fear, which makes slow the progress of labor. In many countries, because the side effects of the drugs can cause adverse effects on women and their infants, analgesic medications may not be given. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Entonox on labor pain and outcome of delivery in primiparous women in Iranshahr, Iran (2009). 

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  Background and Objective: Injection-site pain and bruising associated with subcutaneous injection of Heparin is one of the physical and psychological discomforts in patients. This study aimed at determining the effect of injection duration on the size of bruising and the severity of injection pain.

  Material and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was designed on 119 patients hospitalized in Panje Azar teaching center in Gorgan, 2009. For each patient, two subcutaneous injections of 10 and 30 seconds were performed with a 12-hour interval. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made checklist that consists of two sections, demographic characteristics and a section to record the extent of bruising and pain intensity. The Extent of bruising was measured using clear flexible ruler within 48-72 hours and pain intensity by visual analog scale (VAS) immediately after Heparin injection. Data were analyzed using SPSS- 16 by central tendency and statistical tests.

  Results: The Findings show that 10-second injection in comparison to 30-second injection is more effective in increasing the exent of bruising and pain intensity. There is significant difference between the two methods (P<0.05).

  Conclusion: The duration of subcutaneous injection has an effect on bruising extent and the pain following the administration of Heparin in hospitalized patients. The findings can be used in clinical setting and nursing education.

 

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  Background and­ Objective: ­­ Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon defined as­“an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is ­ associated with actual or potential tissue ­damage”­.­Infants and children are vaccinated before two years on several occasions. Many of these vaccines are injectable, and are painful. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether topical tetracaine can reduce the pain of IM DPT injection compared to placebo in infants of two months of age.

  Material and Methods: ­ In this study, 40 infants aged two months were selected by convenience sampling and randomly placed in two groups of case and control. The Infants of experimental group were injected by using topical tetracaine gel %4­­ and those of the other group by a placebo. The intensity of injection was scored by a pediatric registered nurse, using the FLACC pain scale.

  Results: Although the mean of pain intensity in case group (8.3) is lower than that of controls (9.1) and also the time of pain relief, the use of tetracaine could not be significantly effective in reducing the severity of pain due to intramuscular injection of DPT vaccine. Conclusion:­ ­ Based on the results, there is no significant difference between case and control groups on using tetracaine, but because of low pain intensity in case group, further researches are needed to be done.

  Key words: Pain, Infants, ­Tetracain gel, Intramuscular injection

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  Background and Objective: Mother’s satisfaction of childbirth is considered as an important criterion of maternal care quality and it has an effect on mental health of family and community, and Mother's mood is significant in the outcome of labor.­ ­The parturient supported by significant others has less anxiety, experience of safe childbirth and ­ adequate satisfaction . Thus, we ­aimed at assessing the effect of the presence of an attendant on satisfaction, anxiety and labor pain of primiparae referring to Hajar Hospital in Shahre Kurd, 2010.

  Material and Methods: ­ This pre-experimental study was conducted on 60 primiparous women, referring to Hajar Hospital in Shahre Kurd (2010), who were divided into equal experimental and control groups. ­The parturients of ­ both groups received common cares, while those of experimental group were allowed to be with an attendant.­ Using a check list, we assessed the level of anxiety, labor pain, newborn's first- minute apgar , the onset of breastfeeding and ­childbirth satisfaction from beginning to end of labor, and analyzed the data by­ SPSS-­16 software, using t-tests and Chi-square.

  Results:­ Our findings show that ­the support given by an attendant during childbirth significantly decrease the level of anxiety, early start of breastfeeding and increased mother's satisfaction of childbirth(p<0/05). There is ­no significant difference between two groups on length of active phase, ­ duration of second phase of childbirth and apgar of the first minute.

  Conclusion:­ ­ According to results, we conclude that being an attendant near parturient can bring about childbirth satisfaction , decreased anxiety, and early start of breastfeeding.

  Key words: Attendant, Delivery process , Anxiety, Satisfaction

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  Background and Objective: Cardiac angiography, which is widely used in Iran, is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for cardiac diseases. The patients suffer from back pain due to complete bed rest after angiography. Thus, this study aimed at determining the correlated factors with the severity of back pain after cardiac angiography in Dr. Ganjavian Hospital of Dezful­, 2011.

  Material and Methods: In this correlational study, 140 candidates of cardiac angiography were selected via convenience sampling. We used a checklist to collect the data about age, sex, body mass index(BMI), smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and duration of angiography, which are the influential factors of the severity of back pain. Then, the severity of back pain was measured at first, second, fourth and sixth hour after angiography, using a numerical scale of pain assessment.­­To analyze the data, we used descriptive statistic, Mann Whitney and Spearman correlation.

  Results: ­The subjects are males (N=67), females (N=64) and smokers (­12%). The mean age is 55.7±7.7, and body mass index is 27.6±3.07. None of them has history of back pain and previous angiography. Based on Spearman, there is no significance correlation between back pain of 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after angiography and factors such as age, BMI and duration of angiography. Man Whitney test indicates a statistical significance between gender and severity of pain in the first hour (Z=-2.17) and sixth hour (Z=-2.4) after angiography, whereas there is no statistical significance in the second, fourth and fifth hour after angiography.­ As well, there is no significant correlation between back pain and variables such as smoking, diabetes and hypertension.

  Conclusion: The findings showthat the nurses by being aware of related factors to back pain severity can try to reduce the pain and promote the patients’ convenience.

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  Background and Objective: Injection of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin often causes some local reactions such as ­bruising, hematoma­, and pain, directly related to inappropriate injection method­. This study aimed at determining the effect of injection duration of­ Subcutaneous Enoxaparin Sodium on the size of bruising and the severity of injection pain.

  Material and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 36 patients medicated by subcutaneous Enoxaparin Sodium (60mg). ­­They were randomly divided into two groups.­ The first group received routine method of subcutaneous anoxaparine injection (10 second duration injection technique) and in the second group in addition to routine method, ­“10 second waits” before removing needle was performed. Data collection was carried out by using a researcher-made check-list consisting of a section for demographic data and a section to record the extent o f bruising and pain intensity.­ The Extent of bruising was measured by using a clear flexible ruler within 24, ­ 48 and 72 hours and pain intensity by visual analog scale (VAS) ,immediately after injection­.­­We analyzed the Data by independent T test and Chi square.

  Results: ­ The ­Results indicate ­­that­ the mean ­of pain intensity in second group (­3.05 ± 1.71­)­ is less than first group (­3.86 ± 2.75­)­.­There is no significant difference between two groups for the extent of bruising in 24, ­ 48 and 72 hours (P>0.05).

  Conclusion: with regard to ­pain intensity and the size­ of the bruising, the two groups are not significantly different.

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Background and Objective: Back pain is one of the most common and most costly occupational injuries‌. Due to the nature of nursing career, low- back pain is highly prevalent in nurses. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of low-back pain and its correlation with nurses’ demographic characteristics and occupational factors in hospitals of Isfahan, Iran.
Material and Methods: This descriptive- co relational study was conducted on 244 out of 260 nurses selected via stratified random sampling‌. Using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Functional Disability Questionnaire (ODQ), the Pain and functional disability variables were measured, respectively.‌ To analyze the data, we used independent t-test and correlation coefficient-(p<0.05).
Results: The findings showed that 55% of the nurses have different intensity of low back pain (LBP). ‌The LBP and monthly working hours (r=0.55), LBP and functional disability (r=0.53), LBP and age(r =0.30), and LBP and record of services (0.29) were significantly correlated, But it was not the case‌ for‌ LBP and gender.
Conclusion: Based on the findings that about 55% of the nurses suffer from low- back pain, ‌it seems that ‌a comprehensive change in life style and physical activity pattern of the nurses are paramount importance.

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Background and Objective: Heparin Products are used largely due to the positive effects of the treatment. Since bruising and pain are thier unpleasant consequences following injection, we aimed at determining the effect of local cold on occurrence of pain and bruising at the injection site of subcutaneous enoxaparin sodium. 

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Background and Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational complaints bringing about increased financial burden and reduced social productivity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and their relationship with psychosocial factors in the staff of organization.

Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 675 staff of the organizations in Gorgan where selected via cluster & stratified sampling. The instruments Nordic standard questionnaire and job content including areas of job demands, decision latitude, job nature, social interaction with managers and colleagues. We analyzed the data by independent t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression (P&le0.05).

Results: Seventy-seven of participants (11.4%) suffer from neck pain, 39 (5.8%) from shoulder pain and 97 (14.4%) from back pain. Multivariate logistic regression showed a significant relationship between neck pain and the support given by supervisor and Colleagues. Respectively, Freedom of decision-making and support are the most common factors associated with shoulder and back pain.

Conclusion: Based on the results, the support of supervisor & Colleagues and the freedom of decision are the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders.